The strange behavior of matter

In our environment, circumstances, or changes from person to person. We made some laughs event, again at any moment later got angry. Who or what has influenced this behavior? The answer can be found searching the environment, the situation, or that of an external catalyst. So that only the person who is not the behavior of substances. Depending on the way they behave separately. It is not the words. This material 'in-diversity "has been soundly evidence.

No matter how solid is converted to liquid or liquid to gaseous state, we all know more or less. When and how to behave in any of these three elements, it is known. This information is hidden in an unknown world. A little wind that sense, all the properties of matter are governed by the rules of quantum physics. The continuous motion of molecules (random motion) - for quantum physics remains hidden. But in extreme conditions, such as temperature is very low, paramasunya temperature (273 ° C), the closer the object becomes very delicate legs, the strange behavior of the molecules - which means that the material does not fall into the innate character. Quantum physics became visible (Figure 1).

The electrically conductive material is fairly common temperature, ultra-low temperature, ultra-absorbing became the same. Or very thin magnetic films can be found in the special features. Why? Many of the electricity was working with a variety of material transport. Fundamentals such as extreme temperatures, the scientists were very few situations in order to understand the properties of matter can be damaged. The question before the scientists had, indeed, a specific type of material has the apparent unusual acaranerao. According to the study, a series of changes are apparent random way. There are certain rhythm. Three-dimensional physical world around us adhere to regulations that can be changed if it is two-dimensional (flatlands) are storied. Very thin flatlands of millions of atoms.

Let's take another example. A solid rubber ball or soft boiled egg was open enough. They can change the size of a little finger pressure. A buckle or rubber. Tanale long. It can be bent and twisted. Eddies of water, such as the round hole (bharteksa) is made, so a lot of the holes or bhartisesa molecules. If you object to bend and twist the hole in the shape, size and format change occurs in a series. Of course, until the item is broken or torn. The temperature increases inside the hole or holes in the object recedes (Figure II). Kamale comes to warmth. The phase change material.

Researchers have long believed that a two-dimensional thermal expulsion of all the regional rules might be broken, even the absolute zero temperature. If you do not have any rhythm chandai state patanerao not matter. The former curiosity and ignorance, scientists accepted the challenge out of phase transitions in case of problems. This study is one of the most significant discoveries of the twentieth century physics. It's called the KT transition (Kosterlitz-Thouless transition). The wonderful thing about this theory, it's universal; This is because the low temperatures in the case of any substance can be used. It is not only in condensed matter physics, nuclear physics or statistical physics and other branches of the negotiations is an important tool. KT is also possible to convert the theory has been proved experimentally.

The specifications of materials behavior are discussed, in order to explain them properly to take refuge in the amount of scientists in a special section, called topology. All subjects can be explained by mathematical equations, we do not go into the complex mathematical analysis, easy to understand, but it'll do. Topology - The physical condition of the properties of matter and the vacuum is working with the branch of mathematics. An object stretch, roll or state of being distorted There is no change in force. In topology, a sphere and a hollow bowl in the same division, because the soil can be converted into a circular talakei a bowl. The same way, in the middle of the hole with a bread akin to a hyandelaoyala kaphikapa. That can be said that the topological objects of a hole, or two, or three, or four holes may be - but this number must be an integer (Figure 3).

Now let's go back a little. David thulesa mysterious phenomenon that describes theoretical topology by using the quantum Hall effect. In 1980, the German physicist Klaus von klitajim This phenomenon was discovered in 1985, for which he received the Nobel Prize. His trial was the subject of one of the two semiconductor thin layer, where the electron temperature slightly above absolute zero, and was put in a strong magnetic field, quantum Hall effect for observation. Low temperature physics has shown that in many instances, a lot of shows the magnetic properties of objects. This is because the tiny atomic magnets are equipped with components of a sudden in the same direction, which is a strong magnetic field can be measured creates. This is the thin layer of electrical conductivity to a very precise value, which is inconsistent with quantum physics. Temperature, magnetic field or changing the amount of inaccuracy of semiconductor measurement results are the same, but curiously. When the magnetic field is enough to change the level of electrical conductivity varies, but it is the only step-by-step, twice, three times, thus caraguna; This step-by-step change, which could be explained by the theory introduced; As to the theory of the topology of the new math. This riddle is solved with the help of her.

"Quantum is the case, the electrons in the two half-paribahira relatively freely in a thin layer is dynamic, and it is a" topological quantum fluid "may be called. Often when there are many particles together, the object amazing feature, the "topological quantum phluida-in ilekatranagulio can show wonderful religion.

However, since the electrical conductivity of the collective motion of electrons and due to topology changes step by step; So this quantum religion. "Topological quantum phluida of character is another unusual feature along its borders. This trait has been established by the then experimentally verified. The absence of a magnetic field, quantum Hall effect is observed.

Nuclear magnetic atoms are fundamentally different character depending on the characteristics of the chain caught theoretical study of magnetic chain. There are two kinds of quantum physics, nuclear magnetic, odd (odd) and the joint (even). Is evidence that the joint formed by the magnetic topological chains, but it is odd topological chain formed by magnets. "Topological quantum topological phluida-like whether a nuclear chain can not be set at a small part of her; And, just as in the topological properties of quantum fluid-side reveals itself, as here, the chain ends of the topological religion was published. Naturally, initially did not believe in the theory of magnetic atoms in the chain. "Quantum fluid" and "joint nuclear magnetic chain, both tapolajikyala phase included a new grade student. Later, researchers discovered about the state of other unexpected topology, it is not the only chain or a thin boundary layer of the material, the general three-dimensional materials.

A few years ago, the amount of the intricacies of matter 'in-diversity "proves that the British-born scientist David thulesa, Duncan Haldane and Michael kasteralitja (Figure 4). They had won the Nobel Prize for achievements on the 016.

These three scientists have opened the door to an unknown world. Their discovery was riding a horse, on the one hand it is possible to create new materials, solar system as vast as possible to find solutions to many rahasyerai. Scientists have explained the unusual behavior of the math and physics, it's their specialty. How well we will be able to run a computer, depending on how much control of substances contained in the computer, on. And so matter-stars hand pulse means, technical hands. Starting from the current communication system quantum computer or a super-computer's whereabouts has opened the way to change the behavior of matter practice. The expansion of the classic technology to a new level in the future to take part in this.

This invention has the following specialized members of the Nobel Committee,

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