Creating New Age in Science and Technology

In most of mankind's history, technology was the combination of our brain, fire, and spear. In the evolution of time today the fire has become a nuclear reactor and spears have been turned into atomic intercontinental missiles. At the same time, our brains have made incredible improvements in the age of ages. That is why in the twentieth century, after the discovery of a computer its shape has been decreasing. Initially the computer meant that the house-hold machinery. And today it is in our hands as a smartphone. But the invention of mankind is now at the forefront of its highest level of technology. To understand the matter, first things need to be discussed in some basic things.

 

How does the computer work?

There is a computer chip inside the computer. The basic modules inside the chip Basic modules are again made by Logic Gate. The logic gate is made up of some transistors. Transistor is the common unit for computer data processing. Transistor is essentially a switch that can turn off the data flow and turn it on. We use electric switches at home, on and off. The information in the computer is generated by bit. One bit of any of the two values ​​can be 0 and 1 By increasing the number of bits, the number of information can be increased as 7 bits can contain 2 ^ 7 or 128 values. Likewise, it could contain 32 bits of more than ten million values.

 Logic Gate is composed of multiple transistors. The logic gate is basically five - end, or, not, nand, nor There are also two exclusive logic gates - X and X. Nor. They also work very simple. For example, if all inputs in an end gate are 1, then its output will be 1, on the other hand, if any one input is 1, its output will be 1. In this way basic modules are made with some logic gate. You can add two numbers through basic modules, and you can also multiply when you add. And when you can multiply, you can calculate all kinds of mathematical calculations. That is, you can compare computer activities to a seven-year-old child that is solving very common mathematical problems, but a group of such children can solve any type of astronomy problem from physics.The size of a normal transistor used in today's computers is 14 nanometers (one nanometer = one millionth of a meter) which is eight times smaller than the HIV virus and five hundred times smaller than the red blood cell. That is, it is increasingly going on at the atomic stage.

Quantum world is very different from our real world, there are many tangled events. The transistor's work is to control the flow of electricity. Electricity is the flow of electrons. But a Quantum-shaped transistor is unable to do this. Because when obstructing the pathway of the electron, the electrons will not be interrupted but disappear from this end and will appear on the other side of the transistor. That is to say, no obstacles in the stream will work. This incident is called Quantum Tunneling.

To get rid of this problem, scientists have created Quantum Computer. Quantum computer system is not like ordinary computer. It works on the quantum scale.

Cubit using the Quantum computer where the bits are used on ordinary computers. Cubits like ordinary bits can be either of two values. Photon or electron is used as a cube. The focal length of the photon is marked as 1 or 0. On the other hand, the downward rotation of the electron and the high rectangles are marked as 0 and 1. However there is a twist here.

In case of a bit where a bit can be of only one quality (0 or 1), there can be two cubes at the same time. It is called superposition. Because the direction of the direction of the light and the rotation of the electron can not be convinced, except for guesswork. However, when you flip the photon through a filter or change the electron orbital, then they will accept any value. And this superposition feature of Cubit has been used by scientists as the speed increases. On the ordinary computer, when four bits can be one of twenty sixteen possible values, all fourteen cubits can be of sixteen quality together. As a result, you increase the number of cubits, the greater the efficiency of the calculation. All of the 32 cubets can be worth at least one million.

Another interesting feature of Cubit is Entanglement. If the conditions of one of the two cubits related to each other change, the other will change, although the distance between them is equal to the distance from the Earth to the Moon. So you can easily change the value of all the cubes of a combination and change the value of one of the other. This process is called cubit manipulation.

In the logic gate where outputs based on the input quality, Quantum Gate inverted cubebet reverses the possibility of superpositions and creates another type of superposition. That means, by managing some cubit in quantum gate, you can do several calculations at the same time, where the general computer can only do one calculation at the same time.

Two of the possible uses of Quantum Computer are Quantum Search and Quantum Factoring.

Quantum search is used on the database. To find a record on the database, the general computer may have to check all the records. But the quantum of the computer is able to find that data inside the square root (√) time.

Quantum Factoring You can compare the code by breaking it. At this moment all your browsing history, passwords and all other virtual stuff are stored on the Internet server, where you give the relevant authority a public code to keep it, but because these information is coded they can only see the signal. It can not hurt And you have a private key that lets you see and change the signal quality. In this case, the public key is a few hundred digit code which will take years of ordinary computers to crack. But you can get your private key cracked by public key within Quantum Computer. So, in the case of Internet Privacy Security, Quantum Computer Threats.

But its most successful use can be to create simulations. It is possible to create a perfect simulation of proteins and DNA through the combination of quantum physics with quantum algorithms, which will revolutionize medical conditions.

 Quantum computer casing is the golden coloring machine that can be seen in the above image. And the inner color chip is a quantum computer. And the black object is the Quantum Computer Container Chamber. Here the temperature is controlled. Interestingly, the quantum computer can not be cooled without temperature of 150 times more than the temperature of the atmosphere. That's why a chamber and so much equipment. Davev has made it with the help of NASA and Google. Currently, a number of Quantum computers are stored in NASA and Google's laboratory.

 

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William Harvey: The name of a revolution

Many have heard the name seems familiar? Yeah, right tackles. This is the famous physician and physiologist William Harvey, who first highlighted the presence of the human body is the process of blood circulation. His discovery paved path, but was not. I think, if you do not know the process was up to our medical science! Modern surgery is not feasible hatoi today, even in our body, we just know that no place could not be any raktabahe injection! This is my story today about the life and work of the great scientist

 Birth and childhood:

England town phokastona Thomas Harvey (Thomas Harvey), was named one of the well-known businessman. He also was elected mayor of the town phokastona loud fame. His wife's name was Joanne haoke (Joane Haoke). On April 1, 1578 Joanne gave birth to a son. His name is William Harvey (William Harvey).

Began studying the classical school of William phokastonera childhood. At the age of 10, he was admitted to the King's Grammar School- kyanteraberi in the city. This time, he lived in his uncle's house. Quaker, where he began to learn the Latin language. Because, for the whole of Europe, the Latin language was essential to learning.

 Chalk up the practice of medicine:

In 1593 at the age of 15, a medical student at the University of Cambridge joined Harvey. This is the time to study for a nickel out of his own pocket did not want to spend. Because, he was awarded a scholarship allowing him to 6-year study sponsored university. William knowledge in the hope of an end to the age of 6 years in France, Germany and Italy traveled.

In 1599 at the age of 1 Pádua in Italy (Padua) was transferred to the University as a student of medicine. At that time, the university was Pádua in Italy. Renowned scientists like Galileo taught there. Subsequently, the effect can be thought of Galileo, William's life.

Harvey came here as a teacher was his phebrisiyasa (Heironymus Fabricius) - kephebrisiyasa the brightest stars in the medical science. In 1574, the first intravenous infusion of the valve (valve) was discovered. Of course, it comes to the public in 1603. Like the one-way valve at the door. In other words, it is open to any side. To determine the direction of blood flow, blood circulation all vital role in the process of the valve. Harvey phebrisiyasera soon became the favorite of students, and in 1602 earned a diploma in medicine from the University of Pádua.

 Doctors start in life:

In 1602 Harvey returned to his own country, and the practice of medicine degree from Cambridge. Later, in London in 1604, began his career at the College of phijisiyanasa. In 1607 he was elected as the head of St. bartholomiu Hospital.

Within a few days as a physician Harvey fame spread throughout England. As soon as he had heard the news of England's King James I. He was appointed as the personal physician to decide harbheke. Later I was appointed as physician to King Charles Harvey.

 " The blood circulation is a cyclical process, played a major role in the heart" - to the spirit of revolution

Galen (Galen) A long time ago, a doctor was called. He went to say that the food enters our body, it produces blood and the blood reaches the heart to the liver or liver. Warm blood through the heart and eventually the blood veins spread throughout the body. Ranerai only is blood red.

Galen 1400 years ago, the then people of this theory with one voice, without any of the tests taken in compliance. It was believed that, Galen was God's representative.

Harvey made the opposite mineralize. The subject matter of the questions about the authenticity of his mind started to rise. He decided to experiment on. But it is not easy to do! The dissection of the human body, every organ of the body but the details can not be correctly interpreted. The process is very cruel dissection of the people living at that time, to stun or ayanasthesiya not discovered any process. The dissection of a dead human body, but it can reduce the risk of anti-social sbarge. Moreover, before 1553 AD Michael Harvey sarabhedo (Michael Servedo) cikitsabijnani called him a 'Christiansmi Resitutio' views on the doubts expressed in the book Galen. In 1616, he said publicly that the erroneous doctrine of Galen, and he did not give the correct interpretation. As opposed to the doctrine of God's representative sarabhedoke burned. Obviously, at that time, Harvey worked so well so samajabiruddha was not a simple matter. So he made a way out, "burrowers die, stick does not break." He dissects the body of animals began his inspection.

Harvey was published in 1628 at the age of 50 in his memorable book 'Exercitatio Anatomica de Moto Cordis er Sanguinis in Animalibus'. They are Bengali, animal blood and heart rate monitoring work, which was the beginning of a revolutionary consciousness. Harbhei explained in detail in the proper and blood from the heart to the lungs and heart to the lungs, and it spreads quickly throughout the body. This is a cyclical process.

His research findings are as follows:

 Blood through the arteries to the heart and lungs through the veins back to the heart again. Once again, the artery, sub artery, vein, veins spread throughout the body.

 This cyclical process is the movement of the blood, not the wind. Although the blood is mixed with air in the blood.

 Sambahanera the source of the blood of the heart, not the liver.

 The contraction and expansion of blood vessels that help the heart. Sistola contraction and expansion of the heart to dayastola.

 When the heart pumps blood flowing in our body, then our hands are blooded Pulse or cord. As a result, pulse became bloated.

 If the heart pulse rate speed will be closed off.

 Is a bi-directional flow of blood through the veins. Through every vein of blood ekamukhei movement.

 Blood is two different colors. Pure blood is red, and the impure blood is blackish in color.

Each of them against Galen. The news soon spread around the world accepted this explanation pareprathame him, they began to abuse him. He entered the London quack doctor "Your insane" were labeled with.

Do not fire the revolution never stops. William damabara not pot. He began to study at home. Since the discovery of the microscope did not understand properly what Harvey intravenous blood flow from the artery. He anticipated that, maybe there is a small connection ducts. Finally, the idea is true. 1661 AD, Italian physiologist Marcelo myalapiji (Mercello Malpighi) liaison between the small blood vessels was discovered, what we call the blood vessels.

In 1651, 73-year-old William Harvey Research Center and some of his students built a sarirabijnanera. The students became increasingly popular. The students view the world after Harvey was established. However, 00 years after the discovery of Harvey Several physician Galen believed in the doctrine.

On 3 June 1657 at the age of 79 due to diseases caused by bleeding in the brain at London's Harvey breathed his last. He had no children. His personal life has prevented hundreds. Wife, Elizabeth, died before his death, the whole of London, doctors began to ignore him, his career was severely damaged. But he has not broken. At the end of diligent research aimed at improving the way mankind has continued. Has planted the seeds of revolution. Teaches people to question the revolution, the revolution finger in the eye of the show - the religion of scientific truth, she could not hold back and will not be able. Religious willy more hurt, no matter how society may insulting, Journey science is not always possible to shut up, "the road is not no alone" causes the road ahead has been for decades one of them, William Harvey, who is another name for revolution.

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The strange behavior of matter

In our environment, circumstances, or changes from person to person. We made some laughs event, again at any moment later got angry. Who or what has influenced this behavior? The answer can be found searching the environment, the situation, or that of an external catalyst. So that only the person who is not the behavior of substances. Depending on the way they behave separately. It is not the words. This material 'in-diversity "has been soundly evidence.

No matter how solid is converted to liquid or liquid to gaseous state, we all know more or less. When and how to behave in any of these three elements, it is known. This information is hidden in an unknown world. A little wind that sense, all the properties of matter are governed by the rules of quantum physics. The continuous motion of molecules (random motion) - for quantum physics remains hidden. But in extreme conditions, such as temperature is very low, paramasunya temperature (273 ° C), the closer the object becomes very delicate legs, the strange behavior of the molecules - which means that the material does not fall into the innate character. Quantum physics became visible (Figure 1).

The electrically conductive material is fairly common temperature, ultra-low temperature, ultra-absorbing became the same. Or very thin magnetic films can be found in the special features. Why? Many of the electricity was working with a variety of material transport. Fundamentals such as extreme temperatures, the scientists were very few situations in order to understand the properties of matter can be damaged. The question before the scientists had, indeed, a specific type of material has the apparent unusual acaranerao. According to the study, a series of changes are apparent random way. There are certain rhythm. Three-dimensional physical world around us adhere to regulations that can be changed if it is two-dimensional (flatlands) are storied. Very thin flatlands of millions of atoms.

Let's take another example. A solid rubber ball or soft boiled egg was open enough. They can change the size of a little finger pressure. A buckle or rubber. Tanale long. It can be bent and twisted. Eddies of water, such as the round hole (bharteksa) is made, so a lot of the holes or bhartisesa molecules. If you object to bend and twist the hole in the shape, size and format change occurs in a series. Of course, until the item is broken or torn. The temperature increases inside the hole or holes in the object recedes (Figure II). Kamale comes to warmth. The phase change material.

Researchers have long believed that a two-dimensional thermal expulsion of all the regional rules might be broken, even the absolute zero temperature. If you do not have any rhythm chandai state patanerao not matter. The former curiosity and ignorance, scientists accepted the challenge out of phase transitions in case of problems. This study is one of the most significant discoveries of the twentieth century physics. It's called the KT transition (Kosterlitz-Thouless transition). The wonderful thing about this theory, it's universal; This is because the low temperatures in the case of any substance can be used. It is not only in condensed matter physics, nuclear physics or statistical physics and other branches of the negotiations is an important tool. KT is also possible to convert the theory has been proved experimentally.

The specifications of materials behavior are discussed, in order to explain them properly to take refuge in the amount of scientists in a special section, called topology. All subjects can be explained by mathematical equations, we do not go into the complex mathematical analysis, easy to understand, but it'll do. Topology - The physical condition of the properties of matter and the vacuum is working with the branch of mathematics. An object stretch, roll or state of being distorted There is no change in force. In topology, a sphere and a hollow bowl in the same division, because the soil can be converted into a circular talakei a bowl. The same way, in the middle of the hole with a bread akin to a hyandelaoyala kaphikapa. That can be said that the topological objects of a hole, or two, or three, or four holes may be - but this number must be an integer (Figure 3).

Now let's go back a little. David thulesa mysterious phenomenon that describes theoretical topology by using the quantum Hall effect. In 1980, the German physicist Klaus von klitajim This phenomenon was discovered in 1985, for which he received the Nobel Prize. His trial was the subject of one of the two semiconductor thin layer, where the electron temperature slightly above absolute zero, and was put in a strong magnetic field, quantum Hall effect for observation. Low temperature physics has shown that in many instances, a lot of shows the magnetic properties of objects. This is because the tiny atomic magnets are equipped with components of a sudden in the same direction, which is a strong magnetic field can be measured creates. This is the thin layer of electrical conductivity to a very precise value, which is inconsistent with quantum physics. Temperature, magnetic field or changing the amount of inaccuracy of semiconductor measurement results are the same, but curiously. When the magnetic field is enough to change the level of electrical conductivity varies, but it is the only step-by-step, twice, three times, thus caraguna; This step-by-step change, which could be explained by the theory introduced; As to the theory of the topology of the new math. This riddle is solved with the help of her.

"Quantum is the case, the electrons in the two half-paribahira relatively freely in a thin layer is dynamic, and it is a" topological quantum fluid "may be called. Often when there are many particles together, the object amazing feature, the "topological quantum phluida-in ilekatranagulio can show wonderful religion.

However, since the electrical conductivity of the collective motion of electrons and due to topology changes step by step; So this quantum religion. "Topological quantum phluida of character is another unusual feature along its borders. This trait has been established by the then experimentally verified. The absence of a magnetic field, quantum Hall effect is observed.

Nuclear magnetic atoms are fundamentally different character depending on the characteristics of the chain caught theoretical study of magnetic chain. There are two kinds of quantum physics, nuclear magnetic, odd (odd) and the joint (even). Is evidence that the joint formed by the magnetic topological chains, but it is odd topological chain formed by magnets. "Topological quantum topological phluida-like whether a nuclear chain can not be set at a small part of her; And, just as in the topological properties of quantum fluid-side reveals itself, as here, the chain ends of the topological religion was published. Naturally, initially did not believe in the theory of magnetic atoms in the chain. "Quantum fluid" and "joint nuclear magnetic chain, both tapolajikyala phase included a new grade student. Later, researchers discovered about the state of other unexpected topology, it is not the only chain or a thin boundary layer of the material, the general three-dimensional materials.

A few years ago, the amount of the intricacies of matter 'in-diversity "proves that the British-born scientist David thulesa, Duncan Haldane and Michael kasteralitja (Figure 4). They had won the Nobel Prize for achievements on the 016.

These three scientists have opened the door to an unknown world. Their discovery was riding a horse, on the one hand it is possible to create new materials, solar system as vast as possible to find solutions to many rahasyerai. Scientists have explained the unusual behavior of the math and physics, it's their specialty. How well we will be able to run a computer, depending on how much control of substances contained in the computer, on. And so matter-stars hand pulse means, technical hands. Starting from the current communication system quantum computer or a super-computer's whereabouts has opened the way to change the behavior of matter practice. The expansion of the classic technology to a new level in the future to take part in this.

This invention has the following specialized members of the Nobel Committee,

 Information Support: Science Travel

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